After successfully completing the curricular unit, students should be able to:
OA1. Know and become familiar with different data formats.
OA2. Understand a complete data analysis cycle.
OA3. Know how to perform exploratory data analysis using R.
OA4. Know how to model a set of data.
OA5. Implement a data analysis solution to study a specific problem.

CP1. Introduction to Data Analysis
CP2. Introduction to R and RStudio
CP3. Knowledge of problems in data analysis, application examples
CP4. The complete cycle of data analysis
CP5. Data and data formats
CP6. Data preparation
CP7. Odds; descriptive statistics of data and exploratory data analysis
CP8. Data visualization
CP9. Modeling and machine learning of data models
CP10. Model evaluation methods
CP11. Reporting and publishing results

The assessment in the 'over the semester' format is based on two individual tests: a mid-term test and another at the end of the semester (20% each), and a group project (maximum of 3 students) with the preparation of two reports (20% each) and an oral presentation (20%) to be carried out by the group and this is graded individually.

A minimum attendance of at least 2/3 of the classes is required (students may miss 4 classes out of 12).

The Final Exam is a written, individual, closed-book exam covering all the material. Those who have not successfully completed the assessment throughout the semester, with an average grade higher than or equal to 10 (out of 20), take the final exam in period 1, 2 or special.

1. Understand the object and purpose of political science;
2. Know the main concepts and institutions of political science;
3. Understand the main characteristics of political regimes;
4. Recognise the empirical correspondence of various themes in the discipline;
5. Develop analytical and research skills, as well as communication and organisational skills.

1. What is politics? What is political science? Why and how is political science done?
a. Introduction to the discipline
b. Methods and Methodologies
c. Subdisciplines and Interdisciplinarity
d. The concept of Power
e. State and Sovereignty

2. Themes in Political Science
f. Democracy(ies) and Autocracy(ies)
g. Is Democracy in Crisis?
h. Political Institutions and Actors
i. Political Representation
j. Social Movements
k. Gender and Feminism
l. Intersectionality

1st period
Class participation - 30%
Class discussion - 30%
Test - 40%
A minimum attendance of no less than 3/4 of classes is required.
Minimum mark: 10

2nd period
Final test - 100%
Minimum mark: 10

Special Period
Final test - 100%
Minimum mark: 10

"LO1. Know and be able to apply the economic way of thinking.
LO2. Know the optimal consumer choice and how this choice changes with variations in prices and income.
LO3. Know how to characterize the production function of firms using an economic approach and the different measures of costs.
LO4. Know and understand the main market structures.
LO5. Be able to use and apply the concepts, principles and theoretical models to real world situations and problems."

PC1. PART A: Microeconomics - Neoclassical Market
- Introduction, principles and models
- Market: demand, supply, equilibrium and efficiency
- Elasticities
- Government interventions in markets

PC2. PART B: Consumer Theory
- Utility and Preferences
- Budget constraint and Utility maximization
- Behavioral economics

PC3. PART C: Producer Theory
- Production and Costs
- Production and Profits

PC4. PART D: Market Structures
- Perfect Competition and the Supply Curve
- Monopoly
- Monopolistic competition
- Oligopoly and Introduction to Game Theory

PC5. PART E: Market failures and Failure of markets
- Market failures and the reality
- Externalities, Public Goods and Common access resources
- Failure of markets

Student must choose one of the following assessment methods:

Assessment throughout the semester
- Weekly Quizzes (25%)
- Mid-term test (25%)
- Group works: presentation (15%) and discussion (10%)
- Final test (25%)
In order to get a positive grade in the course, the mark in each of the four assessments cannot be below 8 values.
A minimum attendance of no less than 3/4 of classes is required.

Final Exam (100%): Individual written test

A. Knowledge and understanding
- Introduction to the main concepts of economic theory
- Knowledge about the relations between Economics and other sciences
B. Application
- Ability to use theoretical knowledge in the analysis of economic problems, bibliographic sources whithin the area, and integration of different perspectives to address real world problems
C. Judgement
- Ability of critical analysis and argumentation
D. Communication
- Ability to engage in team work, envisaging the prossecution of common goals
- Ability to communicate ideas (oral and writing)
E. Learning competences
- Ability to develop individual and collective research
- Ability and motivation to pursue studies at a higher and more specialized level
- Ability and motivation for life-long learning

1. Economic science
2. Economic systems
2.1 Households
2.2 Companies
2.3 Banks
2.4 State
2.5 International relations
2.6 Interdependencies and crises
3. Fundamental concepts and categories of economics
3.1 Goods, services and commodities
3.2 National accounts
3.3 Prices, inflation and deflation
3.4 Stocks and flows
3.5 Causality and correlation
3.6. Activity, employment, unemployment
3.7 Balance of payments
3.8 Productivity and competitiveness
3.9. State budget and public debt
4. Market dynamics and institutions
4.1 Labour markets
4.2 Financial markets

Assessment throughout the semester:

- Four individual mini-tests (20%)
- A mid-term test in class (20%)
- Group debates: delivery of a text and presentation of a position (20%)
- Participation (10%)
- A final test (30%)

A minimum of 8 marks is required in each of the assessment elements. A minimum attendance of 3/4 of the classes is required.

Assessment by final exam: Individual written test (100%)

Those wishing to take the final exam must inform the teacher by 4 October, otherwise it is assumed that they will take part in the assessment throughout the semester.

By the end of this course unit, the student should be able to:
LO1: Master vector and matrix language to solve systems of linear equations, calculate and interpret determinants, eigenvalues, and eigenvectors, and study their applications.
LO2: Understand the concept of limit and derivative, and interpret and apply these concepts in the study of functions.
LO3: Grasp the concept of definite integral and apply integration methods to calculate and interpret areas and other mathematical applications.

P1. Linear Algebra:
1.1. Systems of linear equations
1.2. Matrices and matrix algebra
1.3. Determinants
1.4. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors

P2. Limits and Derivatives:
2.1. Limit and continuity of a function
2.2. Derivatives and rates of change
2.3. Chain rule
2.4. Implicit differentiation
2.5. Linear approximation and differentials; Taylor polynomials
2.6. Applications of Differential Calculus

P3. Integrals:
3.1. Introduction to Integral Calculus; primitives
3.2. Integration techniques
3.3. Definite integral, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, and indefinite integral
3.4. Applications of Integral Calculus

Passing requires a grade of no less than 10 out of 20 in one of the following modalities:
- Continuous assessment throughout the semester: 1 midterm mini-test (10%) + 1 group project of 3-4 members (20%) + Autonomous work (10%) + 1 final test on the first exam date (60%). A minimum grade of 8 out of 20 is required in both the final test and the average of other assessment moments throughout the semester.
- Assessment by exam (100%): Individual written test in any exam period.
- An oral assessment may be conducted after any assessment moment to validate the final grade.

LO1: Understand the main theories, concepts, and issues related to Work, Organizations, and Technology;
LO2: Understand the main processes of the digital transition directly related to the world of work and its organizations;
LO3: Analyze the multiple social, economic, and political implications brought by the digital transition;
LO4: Explore cases, strategies, and application methods to understand the real impacts of the digital transition on professions, companies, and organizations.

PC1. Is work different today than it was in the past?
PC2. What rights and duties in the world of work?
PC3. How has theory looked at technology?
PC4. What digital technologies are changing work?
PC5. What future for work?
PC6. Is artificial intelligence really that intelligent?
PC7. Where does precariousness begin and end?
PC8. Who is to blame when the machine makes a mistake?
PC9. Do digital technologies change the relationship between unions and companies?
PC10. What digital transformation in Portugal?

Continuous assessment throughout the semester:
Each student will conduct a Flipped Classroom session, which represents 20% of the final grade.

Individual work accounting for 35% of the final grade.

Group work accounting for a total of 35% of the final grade (10% for the group presentation and 25% for the written work).

Attendance and participation in classes represent 10% of the final grade. A minimum attendance of no less than 2/3 of the classes is required.

Each assessment element must have a minimum grade of 8. The final average of the various elements must be equal to or greater than 9.5.

Examination evaluation (1st Period if chosen by the student, 2nd Period, and Special Period): in-person exam representing 100% of the final grade with a minimum grade of 9.5.

At the end of the course unit, each student should be able to:
LO1: Understand the object of sociology and its main epistemological bases and scientific research methods;
LO2: Know the principal theories and concepts of sociology;
LO3: Identify and analyze key themes of the contemporary sociological agenda;
LO4: Develop interpretative skills for sociological texts and empirical data;
LO5: Conduct exploratory research on illustrative elements of sociological issues.

PC1. What is the purpose of sociology and how does it work?
PC2. What are the obstacles to sociological knowledge?
PC3. Why do we need sociological theories?
PC4. What are the fundamental concepts of sociology?
PC5. Why do social inequalities exist?
PC6. Is it worthwhile for us to live together?
PC7. What does sociology teach us about health?
PC8. Why does education matter?
PC9. Why do we work?
PC10. Do societies need democracy?
PC11. Are we moving towards more developed societies?

Assessment throughout the semester:
a) Individual written test (30%)
b) 7 weekly mini-tests on the fundamental readings for each class (35%)
c) Collective mini-research presented in class (20%)
d) Participation in class debates (15%)

All assessment elements require a minimum grade of 8 out of 20.

Exam assessment (1st Period by student choice, 2nd Period, and Special Period): On-site exam (100% of the final grade)

Attendance criteria: A minimum attendance of no less than 3/4 of the classes is required.

The main learning objectives are: 1) Know the fundamentals of the political thought of classical antiquity Greek who came to inform the modern political theory, 2) know the thought of the first Liberal authors, knowing distinguish ideas that share and that differentiate them, 3) Analyze the evolution of liberal thought which accompanies the development of the industrial society, particularly with regard to the relationship between the values of equality and freedom. 4) Analyze the authors who make the critique of capitalism and liberal society

Introduction: definition and distinction of the concepts of philosophy, science and theory. Relations between the theory and the political and social reality.

1. Background classics of modern political theory: Plato and Aristotle.
2. Nicolo Machiavelli: political realism and exercise of power
3. Thomas Hobbes: the logic of fear and the sovereign power
4. John Locke: the natural state and the rights of the individual
5. Montesquieu: moderation policy and separation of powers.
6. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: citizenship and people power.
7. Benjamin Constant: freedom of the olds and freedom the moderns.
8. Edmond Burke: liberal conservatism and tradition
9. Alexis de Tocqueville: equality and freedom in modern democracies.
10. Karl Marx and Friedricht Engels: clsse domination and political order
11. John Stuart Mill: representative Government and political participation
12. Max Weber: power distribution and forms of domination.

Regular Assessment:
1) test on points 1 to 6 of the programme (40% of final grade)
2) test on points 7 to 12 of the programme (40% of final grade)
3) presentation (in groups) and participation in classes - 20% of final grade.
To be approved it is necessary to: attend classes (more than 70%); perform all moments of evaluation; have a weighted average of 9.5 or more.

By the end of the course unit, each student should:

LO1. Understand the fundamentals of microsociology and mesosociology, particularly their perspectives and modes of explaining social action, social interaction, and the formation of networks and small groups;

LO2. Be familiar with the central themes and debates of microsociology, from classical to contemporary, with particular emphasis on the challenges posed by new digital technologies to sociological thought;

LO3. Analyze social phenomena at the micro and meso levels independently and critically, i.e., based on the central statements and concepts of sociological theories.

1. Sociological theory
1.1 Types of social relationships: interaction, groups, systems
1.2 Dimensions of social life: material and cultural
1.3 Modes of explanation: causal and functional
2. Action and interaction
2.1 The concept of social action
2.2 Agents, actors and interaction
2.3 Aggregation processes
3. Rational action and instrumental interaction
3.1 Rationality and interests
3.2 Rationality and beliefs
3.3 Interaction as exchange
4. Interpretive action and symbolic interaction
4.1 Normative interpretation
4.2 Communication interpretation
4.3 Symbolic interactionism
5. Social networks
5.1 The concept of social network
5.2 Networks and social capital
5.3 Networks and trust
6. Social groups
6.1 The concept of social group
6.2 Types and modes of relationship with groups
6.3 Group effects

Assessment throughout the semester consists of three elements, whose weighted average corresponds to the final grade in the course. The minimum grade for each element is 9 out of 20.
Group Debate (20%): In pre-defined weekly sessions, two groups of students are responsible for answering the teacher's question on the class topic, based on the indicated resources, submitting it in writing in the Moodle Q&A forum (200-300 words), and debating it in person with the class (about 30 minutes).

Individual Written Assignment (40%): In-class writing of a brief critical-analytical essay (2-4 pages), consisting of the analysis of a current news article chosen by the student from two microsociological theories, based on the bibliography indicated by the teacher. The essay requires prior preparation during independent study time to be completed in a synchronous class (2 hours), with the possibility of consulting annotated bibliography.

Individual Response to Four Development Questions (40%): The questions will be provided mid-semester, to be answered by the students based on the indicated resources, during asynchronous work time, and submitted after the end of the curricular period. Students must choose one of three response modalities: (i) independently answering the four questions in writing; (ii) answering the four questions in writing, including a critical analysis of the responses obtained from Artificial Intelligence chatbots; (iii) submitting an original video (2-4 minutes) with the respective script, dynamically and substantively answering only one of the questions, highlighting the audiovisual format. Submission of collaboratively filmed/edited videos that combine individual responses from several students is allowed.

Attendance criteria: A minimum attendance of no less than two-thirds of the classes is required.

Assessment by examination (1st Exam Period if chosen by the student, 2nd Exam Period, and Special Exam Period): In-person exam (100% of the final grade).

Examination assessment consists of a two-hour written test, corresponding to the same level of knowledge and skills addressed in the continuous assessment throughout the semester.

Learning Outcomes
LO1: Explore how critical thinking is essential for informed decisions, problem-solving, and developing strong arguments in academic and professional contexts. Identify situations where it is applied.
LO2: Study the basic components of an argument and how they combine into complex arguments. Distinguish between different types of arguments.
LO3: Develop skills to break down arguments by critically analyzing texts and speeches, identifying strengths and weaknesses.
LO4: Learn to identify logical fallacies and common everyday mistakes. Recognize and correct errors in arguments to improve the accuracy of discourse.
LO5: Develop criteria for evaluating the quality of arguments and argumentative texts, considering coherence, relevance, evidence, and effectiveness in various contexts.
LO6: Practice the construction of solid arguments in oral debates and written texts. Formulate and present clear and structured arguments, adapting them to the audience and context.

CP1. Definition and importance of critical thinking (CT)
• Applications of CT in academic and professional life
• Benefits of CT for decision-making and problem-solving
CP2. Basic structure of an argument: premises and conclusion
• Difference between simple and complex arguments
• Examples of simple and complex arguments
CP3. Methods for analyzing arguments
• Evaluating the validity of the premises
• Identifying assumptions and implications
CP4. Logical fallacies and common errors
• Definition of logical fallacies
• Common types of fallacies (e.g., appeal to authority, false dichotomy)
• Recognizing fallacies in everyday speech
• Strategies to avoid fallacies
CP5. Criteria for evaluating the quality of arguments
• Coherence, relevance, and evidence
• Critical analysis of texts
CP6. Building Arguments
• Creating strong and persuasive arguments
• Practicing argument construction in different contexts
CP7. Practical applications of CT
• Debate exercise

The assessment throughout the semester is done through presentations, exercises, debates, readings, and case discussions (in small groups).
Active participation in the practical classes is expected and follows these criteria:
Attendance/participation - In-class exercises + group debate (with a minimum of 80% attendance) attendance 5%, participation 5%, debate 15% (total 25%)
Homework - 15% (1 homework assignment - 5% + 1 homework assignment - 10%) = 15%
Final Work (60%)

To successfully complete the assessment throughout the semester, students cannot score less than 7 points in any of the evaluation components listed.
Exam Periods
Written Work - 100%
Although not recommended, it is possible to choose assessment by exam; this assessment may also involve, at the teacher's discretion, an oral discussion (this oral component carries a weight of 40% in the final evaluation).

LO1. Know the structure, language and ethical and normative (APA) procedures for writing academic texts.
LO2. Learn how to use generative models to write academic texts.
LO3. Discuss procedures for the analysis, relevance and reliability of data generated by AI.
LO4. Recognize the ethical implications of using generative AI in an academic context. The learning objectives will be achieved through practical and reflective activities such as:
- Group discussions;
- Analysis of texts;
- Oral defense;
- Practical exercises.

CP1. Introduction: academic writing and generative models:
- Understanding how Generative Artificial Intelligence works: the path towards using generative AI in the academic environment.
CP2. Procedures for planning and constructing argumentative texts with the help of AI:
- Identifying the possibilities and hallucinations in the answers produced by Generative AI.
CP3. Critical analysis of texts produced: identifying and referencing data sources and analyzing their relevance to the objectives of academic work:
- Exploring the possibilities of data validation and the potential use of Generative AI tools in the production of academic papers.
CP4. Opportunities and risks of using AI: good practice guide for accessing, sharing and using Generative AI in an academic context:
- Understand the dynamics in responsible and ethically committed use when carrying out academic work with Generative AI tools.

The assessment of the course aims to gauge the development of students' skills in the informed use of generative models as an aid to the production of academic work. Assessment throughout the semester includes the following activities:
1.Individual activities (50%)
1.1 Participation in activities throughout the semester (10%).
Description: this component aims to assess each student's specific contribution to the activities carried out.
Assessment: Interventions in the classroom; relevance of the student's specific contributions to the debates.
1.2 Simulations of prompts with AI tools in an academic context (20%).
Description: the student must create a clear/justified, well-structured prompt, according to the script proposed by the teacher in class.
Assessment: (submit on moodle), communication skills and teamwork based on the quality of the prompt simulations carried out.
1.3 Oral Defense - group presentation - 5 minutes; debate - 5 minutes (20%).
Description: Each student must present their contributions to the work carried out to the class.
Evaluation: after the student's presentation, there will be a question and answer session.2. group activities (50%)
[students are organized in groups of up to 5 elements, constituted randomly]
2.1 Group presentations, revisions, editing and validation of content produced by AI (20%):
Description: Formation of working groups to review and edit the texts, using the generative models.
Evaluation: (submit to moodle), collection of relevant information, clarity and the innovative nature of the use of properly structured promts.
2.2 Development of strategies for reviewing, editing and validating content produced by AI (10%).
Description: At the end of each stage of the activity, students will have to promote critical evaluations by reflecting on the ethical challenges of integrating AI into an academic environment.
Evaluation: (submit on moodle), work will be corrected and evaluated based on accuracy and compliance with the quality of revisions, edits and the participation of students in the feedback provided to colleagues.
2.3 Final Project Presentation Simulations (20%):
Description: the groups choose a topic and create a fictitious project following the structure of a technical report or scientific text, making a presentation of their project in class (5 minutes) and debating the topic (5 minutes).
Evaluation: (submit on moodle): organization, content, correct use of the structure and procedures of academic work.
General considerations: feedback will be given during the semester. The student must have more than 7 (seven) points in each of the assessments to be able to remain in evaluation in the course of the semester.

LO1. Develop specific oral communication skills for public presentations.
LO2. Know and identify strategies for effective use of the vocal apparatus.
LO3. Identify and improve body expression. LO4. Learn performance techniques.
The learning objectives will be achieved through practical and reflective activities, supported by an active and participatory teaching method that emphasizes experiential learning. The knowledge acquired involves both theatrical theory and specific oral communication techniques. Students will learn about the fundamentals of vocal expression, character interpretation and improvisation, adapting this knowledge to the context of public performances.

PC1. Preparing for a presentation.
PC2. Non-verbal communication techniques.
PC3. Voice and body communication, audience involvement. PC4. Presentation practice and feedback. The learning objectives will be achieved through practical and reflective activities, supported by the active and participatory teaching method which emphasizes experiential learning. Classes will consist of activities such as: Theatrical experiences and group discussions; Practical activities; Presentations and exhibitions of autonomous work; Individual reflection.

The assessment of the Public Presentations with Theatrical Techniques course aims to gauge the development of students' skills in essential aspects of public presentations. The assessment structure includes activities covering different aspects of the experiential learning process involving both theatrical techniques and specific communication techniques.
Assessment throughout the semester includes activities covering different aspects of the process of preparing a public presentation, including group and individual work activities:
Group activities (50%) [students are challenged to perform in groups of up to 5 elements, made up randomly according to each activity proposal].
1-Practical Presentations: Students will be assessed on the basis of their public presentations throughout the semester:
Description: each group receives a presentation proposal and must identify the elements of the activity and act in accordance with the objective.
The results of their work are presented in class to their colleagues (Time/group: presentation - 5 to 10 min.; reflection - 5 min.). Assessment (oral): based on active participation, organization of ideas and objectivity in communication, vocal and body expression, the use of theatrical techniques and performance. Presentations may be individual or group, depending on the proposed activities.
Individual activities (50%)
1-Exercises and Written Assignments (Autonomous Work):
Description: In addition to the practical presentations, students will be asked to carry out exercises and written tasks related to the content covered in each class. These activities include reflecting on techniques learned, creating a vision board, analyzing academic objectives, student self-assessment throughout the semester, answering theoretical questions and writing presentation scripts.
Assessment: (Oral component and written content), organization, content, correct use of the structure and procedures of the autonomous work proposed in each class, ability to answer questions posed by colleagues and the teacher. Communication skills and the quality of written work will be assessed, with a focus on clarity of presentation. These activities will help to gauge conceptual understanding of the content taught.
There will be no assessment by final exam, and approval will be determined by the weighted average of the assessments throughout the semester.
General considerations: in the assessment, students will be given feedback on their performance in each activity.
To complete the course in this mode, the student must attend 80% of the classes. The student must have more than 7 (seven) points in each of the assessments to be able to remain in evaluation in the course of the semester.

By the end of this course unit, the student should be able to:
LO1: Apply fundamental programming concepts.
LO2: Create procedures and functions with parameters.
LO3: Understanding the syntax of the Python programming language.
LO4: Develop programming solutions for problems of intermediate complexity.
LO5: Explain, execute and debug code fragments developed in Python.
LO6: Interpret the results obtained from executing code developed in Python.
LO7: Develop programming projects.

PC1. Integrated development environments. Introduction to programming: Logical sequence and instructions, Data input and output.
PC2. Constants, variables and data types. Logical, arithmetic and relational operations.
PC3. Control structures.
PC4. Lists and Lists of Lists
PC5. Procedures and functions. References and parameters.
PC6. Objects and object classes.
PC7. File Manipulation.
PC8: Graphical Interface.

The course follows a project-based continuous assessment model throughout the semester due to its highly practical nature, and does not include a final exam.

The student is evaluated according to the following parameters:
A1 (30% of the final grade): Learning Tasks validated by teachers, with a minimum grade of 8 points on the average of the tasks. There are 10 learning tasks and the 8 best grades count.

A2 (70% of the final grade): Mandatory Group Project (maximum 3 members) with theoretical-practical discussion (Delivery: 30%, Practical-oral: 40% with a minimum grade of 8). Component A2 has a minimum score of 9.5 points.

Students who do not achieve the minimum grade will have the opportunity to complete a 100% Practical Project with an oral discussion.

Minimum attendance of no less than 2/3 of classes is required.

At the end of the curricular period of this UC, the student must:
LO1 - understand the fundamental concepts of inferential statistics;
LO2 - calculate the size of a sample;
LO3 - estimate and interpret a confidence interval;
LO4 - choose the test to be used in each situation;
LO5 - apply and interpret statistical tests;
LO6 - perform the chosen test in the statistical software;
LO7 - know how to report statistical results in a report;
LO8 - create and analyze new variables.

PC1. Basic concepts of descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, probabilities and normal distribution
PC2. Estimation
PC2.1. Confidence intervals for the mean and proportion
PC2.2. Determination of sample size
PC3. Hypothesis Tests: parametric tests and non-parametric tests
PC3.1. One-sample t-test
PC3.2. t/Mann-Whitney test for two independent samples
PC3. 3 One-factor ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis
PC3.4. Chi-square independence test

1) Assessment throughout the semester:
a) Individual test (55%).
b) Group work 1 - Descriptive analysis (15%).
c) Group work 2 - Estimation (15%).
d) Group work 3 - Hypothesis Testing (15%).

Approval: a) min. 7.5 points in each of the assessment elements; b) minimum final classification. 10 points c) Minimum attendance of no less than 3/4 of classes is required.

2) Assessment by exam (1st season): written test (100%), with a minimum grade of 10.
3) Assessment by exam (2nd season): written test (100%) with a minimum grade of 10.

Scale: 0-20 points.

First, this unit seeks to lecture and discuss contemporary literature of political theory, with a special focus on the comparison with other historical periods of political philosophy to highlight the conceptual specificity. Secondly, this unit seeks to explore the relationship between the main schools of thought in political theory and political developments in the real world. Thirdly, this unit seeks to distinguish, explain, and compare the main arguments and concepts of each school of thought. In short, this will provide solid knowledge and enhance students' comprehension of contemporary literature as well as its intense diversity, with a comparative perspective towards past political theory.

1-Hegemony and Rovolution: António Gramsci
2 - The rejection of liberalism and the concept of enemy: Carl Schmitt
3 - School of Frankfurt I: Theodor Adorno e Max Horkheimer
4- School of Frankfurt II: Herbert Marcuse
5-Liberalism and his critics: Isaiah Berlin and Hannah Arendt
6-Justice and Equality I: John Rawls
7-Justice and Equality II: Michael Walzer
8-Sexual Contract: Carole Pateman
9-decolonialism: Frantz Fanon
10- Feminism: Judith Butler
11 - Power - Steven Lukes

Attendance is compulsory and cannot be inferior to 2/3 of the number of lectures
1st period (Assessment throughout the semester)
a) a spoken presentation of one author of the 12 selected authors by a small group of two students (15 minute max) - 25% of final mark),
b) attendance and participation in class - 25% of final mark
c) a written essay (max. 1500 words, excluding references) - 50% of final mark

2nd period and special period: written exam (duration of 2 hours)

By the end of the course unit, each student should be able to:
LO1: Acquire basic knowledge of the main concepts and theories in the field of the sociology of globalization;
LO2: Obtain basic knowledge of the themes of globalization in the contemporary world;
LO3: Develop empirical analysis skills supported by the fundamental theories, concepts, and themes of the current world.

1. Globalization and the World-System
1.1 World-System and Capitalism
1.2 Uneven Development
1.3 Core, Periphery, and Semi-Periphery

2. What is Globalization?
2.1 Globalization and Modernity
2.2 Properties of Globalization
2.3 Globalization as a Project

3. Economic Globalization
3.1 Transnational Economic Networks
3.2 Transnational Corporations and Nation-States
3.3 Patterns of Change

4. Political Globalization
4.1 The Diffusion of the Nation-State
4.2 International Political-Military Order
4.3 Global Governance

5. Cultural Globalization
5.1 Cultural Diffusion
5.2 Processes of Deterritorialization
5.3 Globalization and Reflexivity

6. Globalization and Development
6.1 Globalization and Poverty
6.2 Globalization and Inequalities
6.3 Globalization and the Environment

Assessment throughout the semester:
a) 5 “Pitches” and respective on-going reports (50%).
b) Participation and qualitative evaluation of peers’ pitches (10%).
c) Team-created promotional videos for the e-book (20%).
d) Individual writing of an e-chapter for the book (20%).

All evaluative elements require a minimum grade of 8 out of 20.

Assessment by exam (1st period if chosen by the student, 2nd period, and Special period): In-person exam (100% of the final grade).

Attendance criterion: A minimum attendance of no less than two-thirds of the classes is required.

The student who successfully completes this course will be able to:
OA1. Identify correctly the main stages of the evolution of capitalism and democracy;
OA2. Relate the main political transformations with the economic changes - and vice versa
OA3. Identify the main politico-economic ideologies and the context in which they emerged
OA4. Master the main concepts of the course and apply them in oral and written presentations

P0. Capitalism and democracy: definitions and models
P1. The industrial and the French revolutions (1750-1815)
P2. The period of British supremacy (1815-1870)
P3. The globalization of the liberal era (1870-1914)
P4. The period between the two world wars (1914-1945)
P5. The era of growth and decolonisation (1945-1973)
P6. Neoliberal globalisation (1973-...?)
P7. Capitalism and democracy: contradiction or complementarity

Assessment throughout the semester:
- Written assessment (70%)
- Oral assessment (20%)
- Class participation (10%).

To pass, students must obtain a minimum mark of 8/20 in each assessment element. A minimum attendance of 3/4 of the classes is required.

Assessment through exam: Individual written test (100%).

1. Develop an understanding of the subject area of Comparative Politics
2. Understand the characteristics of democratic and authoritarian regimes
3. Develop knowledge of the main approaches in comparative politics
4. Develop knowledge of the main institutions and actors
5. Develop detailed knowledge of the Portuguese political system in the European context

1. Method in Comparative Politics
2. Democracy and Authoritarianism
3. Institutions and Actors
- Party System and Electoral System
- Cleavages, Electoral Behavior and Participation
- Presidentialism, Semi-Presidentialism and Parliamentarism
- Governments
4. Portugal and Southern Europe in the European Context

1) Assessment throughout the semester will consider three components:
1. Autonomous work (30%)
2. Written essay in class (30%)
3. Final test (40%)
Notes: (1) If any of the marks in the assessment throughout the semester are below 8, students will have to take an exam; (2) the essay and the final test will both be done without consultation; (3) a minimum attendance of no less than 2/3 of the classes is required.

2) Final exam for those who fail the periodic assessment or choose this option (100%).

LO1. Being able to identify the main macroeconomic variables and knowing the short-run model (IS-LM), understanding the interaction between the variables and the market equilibrium conditions.
LO2. Understanding the dynamics of the labour market, the determination of prices and wages and the implications for the equilibrium of markets in the medium run (IS-LM-PC model).
LO3. Understanding the role of expectations in consumption and investment decisions and the implications for the IS-LM model.
LO4. Knowing the Mundell-Fleming model and being able to analyse and assess the consequences of external shocks to economic activity.
LO5. Understanding the mechanisms and assessing the consequences of fiscal and monetary policy measures that affect the functioning o businesses.

PC1. PART 0/1: Macroeconomics - IS-LM model (short run)
- Introduction and brief history of Macro
- Goods market (IS)
- Financial market (LM)
- IS-LM model

PC2. PART 2: IS-LM-PC model (medium run)
- Labour market
- Phillips curve and inflation
- IS-LM-PC model

PC3. PART 3: Expectations
- Role of expectations in consumption and investment
- IS-LM model with expectations

PC4. PART 4: Open economy
- Open economy and exchange rates
- Goods market in an open economy
- IS-LM model in an open economy

PC5. PART 5: Economic policy
- Fiscal policy
- Monetary policy

Student must choose one of the following assessment methods:

Method A:
- Weekly Quizzes (25%)
- Mid-term test (25%)
- Group work and presentation (25%)
- Final test (25%)
In order to get a positive grade in the course, the mark in each of the four assessments cannot be below 8 values.

Method B: Final Exam (100%)

The learning objectives of the curricular unit "States and Markets" are directly aligned with the teaching methodology, fostering the development of essential knowledge, skills, and competencies. Through theoretical lectures and the analysis of practical cases, students gain an understanding of the main perspectives on the role of the state and markets (LO1) and learn to apply this knowledge to the analysis of concrete problems (LO2). Classroom activities, such as discussions, presentations, and written exercises, encourage the development of independent argumentation (LO3) and promote teamwork in pursuing common projects (LO4). The emphasis on active participation and the production of written and oral outputs fosters effective communication skills, both oral and written (LO5). Thus, the teaching methodology, which combines lectures, discussions, and practical exercises, ensures alignment with the learning objectives, delivering a comprehensive and integrated educational experience.

Part 1: An Overview
- Classical Liberalism
- Critiques of Classical Liberalism
- Welfare Economics and Keynesianism
- Neoliberalism
- Institutionalism, Structuralism, and Evolutionism

Part 2: Contemporary Debates
- Freedom and Competition
- Trade
- Healthcare Services
- Social Security
- Financial Crises
- Industrial Policy
- The Portuguese Economy

#Assessment Throughout the Semester

- Final Test (closed book): 40%, with a minimum grade of 9.5
The final test evaluates students' knowledge of the content taught throughout the semester and their mastery of the curricular unit's bibliography.

- Four Individual Written Assignments: 40%
These assignments may include argumentative or critical reflection texts, reading reports, or other similar tasks.

- In-Class Assessment Components: 20%
These may include spontaneous participation in class, responses to questions posed by the instructor, leading class discussions, brief oral presentations, among others.

A minimum attendance rate of 75% of the classes is required.

#Assessment via Final Examination
- Individual Written Exam:100%
The final exam evaluates students' knowledge of the content taught throughout the semester and their mastery of the curricular unit's bibliography.

At the end of the course unit the learner is expected to have achieved the following learning objectives (LO):
LO1. Specify, estimate and interpret linear regression models;
LO2. Know the main specification problems for different types of data;
LO3. Choose and use the most appropriate econometric models, methods and tests.
LO4. Have autonomy, work with econometric packages and know the main econometric applications for micro or macroeconomic cases.

PC1. Linear Regression Model
PC1.1 - Introduction and motivation
PC1.2 - Assumptions
PC1.3 - Interpretation and Inference
PC1.4 - Collinearity and Heteroscedasticity
PC1.5 - Exercises and applications
PC2. Linear Regression with Qualitative Information
PC2.1 Dummy variables
PC2.2 Interactions with dummy variables
PC2.3 Interpretation
PC2.4 - Exercises and applications
PC3. Linear regression with time series
PC3.1 The nature of time series data
PC3.2 Examples of time series regressions
PC3.3 Trends and seasonality
PC3.4 Autocorrelation
PC3.5 Dynamically complete models
PC3.6 Autoregressive model
PC3.7 - Exercises and applications

1) Assessment throughout the semester:
- Individual test (60%).
- Individual work 1 - Sectional Data (20%).
- Individual work 2 - Temporal Data (20%).

Approval: a) min. 7.5 points in each of the assessment elements; b) minimum final classification. 10 values; c) Minimum attendance of no less than 3/4 of classes is required.

2) Assessment by exam (1st season): written test (100%), with a minimum grade of 10.
3) Assessment by exam (2nd season): written test (100%) with a minimum grade of 10.

Scale: 0-20 points.

LO1. Acquisition of basic theoretical knowledge about macrosociology;
LO2. Acquisition of basic skills for analytical use of the main concepts and propositions of macro and mesociology;
LO3: Acquisition of basic skills for critical discussion of those concepts and propositions.

1. Social Structure
1.1 The concept of social structure
1.2 Structure, system and structuring

2. Material structures
2.1 Inequality and differentiation
2.2 Social classes and stratification

3. Cultural structures
3.1 Culture in the sociological theory
3.2 Structures of regulation and meaning
3.3 Socialization: the incorporated structure

4. Power and conflict
4.1 Power and domination
4.2 Types of Power
4.3 Power, conflict and resistance

5. Organizations
5.1 The concept of organization
5.2 Organizational structure and culture
5.3 Organization and power

6. Social change
6.1 Change and evolution
6.2 Social change and institutions
6.3 Change and Social Movements

Assessment throughout the semester consists of three works:
1) An individual work on theories of social structure, in the material and cultural domains;
2) An individual work on theories of power and organizations;
3) A group work, with oral presentation, on the topic of social change.
The final classification is the simple average of the classification of the three works. To remain in assessment throughout the semester, it is necessary to obtain a minimum grade of 9 in each assessment element. It is also required a minimum attendance of no less than 2/3 of classes.
The assessment by exam consists of an individual written exercise, corresponding to the same level of knowledge and skills involved in the assessment throughout the semester.

After completing this UC, the student will be able to:

LO1. Identify the main themes and debates relating to the impact of digital technologies on contemporary societies;
LO2. Describe, explain and analyze these themes and debates in a reasoned manner;
LO3. Identify the implications of digital technological change in economic, social, cultural, environmental and scientific terms;
LO4. Predict some of the consequences and impacts on the social fabric resulting from the implementation of a digital technological solution;
LO5. Explore the boundaries between technological knowledge and knowledge of the social sciences;
LO6. Develop forms of interdisciplinary learning and critical thinking, debating with interlocutors from different scientific and social areas.

S1. The digital transformation as a new civilizational paradigm.
S2. The impact of digital technologies on the economy.
S3. The impacts of digital technologies on work.
S4. The impact of digital technologies on inequalities.
S5. The impacts of digital technologies on democracy.
S6. The impacts of digital technologies on art.
S7. The impacts of digital technologies on individual rights.
S8. The impacts of digital technologies on human relations.
S9. The impacts of digital technologies on the future of humanity.
S10. Responsible Artificial Intelligence.
S11. The impact of quantum computing on future technologies.
S12. The impact of digital technologies on geopolitics.

The assessment process includes the following elements:

A) Ongoing assessment throughout the semester
A1. Group debates on issues and problems related to each of the program contents. Each group will participate in three debates throughout the semester. The performance evaluation of each group per debate will account for 15% of each student's final grade within the group, resulting in a total of 3 x 15% = 45% of each student's final grade.
A2. Participation assessment accounting for 5% of each student's final grade.
A3. Final test covering part of the content from the group debates and part from the lectures given by the instructor, representing 50% of each student's final grade.
A minimum score of 9.5 out of 20 is required in each assessment and attendance at a minimum of 3/4 of the classes is mandatory.

B) Final exam assessment Individual written exam, representing 100% of the final grade.

By the end of the unit, each student should have acquired the following competences: LO1) define research for the production of knowledge in the social sciences and identify the basic concepts involved (theory, method, techniques for collecting and analysing information); LO2) explain and demonstrate the extensive method, from selecting the sample to using the questionnaire and analysing statistical data; LO3) explain and demonstrate the intensive method, differentiating the techniques involved (interviews and life stories, participant observation and field research, analysing the content of documentary sources); LO4) justify the option of combining the extensive and intensive methods in a piece of research; LO5) use web resources for social science research.

PC1. The research process
1.1 Methodological issues
1.2 Methods and techniques
PC2. Extensive methods
2.1 Population and sampling
2.2 Questionnaire survey
2.3 Statistical indicators
PC3. Intensive methods
3.1 Interviews and life stories
3.2 Observation and field research
3.3 Analysing documentary sources
PC4. Combined methods and e-research
4.1 Combining extensive and intensive methods
4.2 Use of the Internet in social science research

Assessment in the course can be done using one of the following methods: assessment throughout the semester or assessment by exam.
Assessment throughout the semester consists of three elements, the weighted average of which corresponds to the final assessment in the curricular unit. The minimum assessment for each element is 9 (in 20). Attendance at at least 75 per cent of classes is compulsory.

1. Individual written test (40%), with the support of the curricular unit bibliographical references indicated, halfway through the semester, on the extensive method.
2. Individual written test (40%), with the support of the curricular unit references indicated, to be held in the first period, on the intensive method.
3. Participation in at least half of the practical parts of the lessons (20%), in individual or group work, training and assessing knowledge through a quiz on the definitions and application of techniques.
There may be the possibility of an oral test, in addition to the written test, as an additional element in the assessment (e.g. in situations where there is a need for additional clarification in the classifications).
Assessment by exam takes place exclusively during the assessment period and covers all the material taught in the curricular unit. It must include a written test and may also include an oral and/or practical test. Students who have opted for this assessment method and students who have not passed the assessment method during the semester are admitted to this assessment method.

The student who successfully completes this UC will be able to:
OA1. Know some of the main contributions of the authors discussed in class.
OA2. Relate different authors, concepts and theories
OA3. To master the main concepts and theories discussed and to know how to apply them in oral and written presentation

Smith, The Wealth of Nations (1776)
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (1835)
J. S. Mill, On Liberty (1859)
K. Marx, The Capital (1867)
É. Durkheim, The Division of Social Labour (1893)
T. Veblen, Theory of the Leisure Class (1899)
M. Weber, Economy and Society (1922)
R. Luxemburg, Introduction to Political Economy (1925)
K. Polanyi, The Great Transformation (1944)

Assessment throughout the semester:

- tests (30%),
- essays (30%),
- debate preparation and dynamisation (20%),
- general participation (20%).

To pass, students must obtain a positive mark in each element of the assessment. Attendance at at least 3/4 of classes is required.

Assessment by exam: individual written test (100%).

The student who successfully completes this UC will be able to:
LO1. Know some of the main contributions of the authors discussed in class.
LO2. Relate different authors, concepts and theories
LO3. To master the main concepts and theories discussed and to know how to apply them in oral and written presentation

John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936)
Friedrich Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (1944)
Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1956)
Angela Davis, Women, Race and Class (1981)
Mary Douglas, How Institutions Think (1986)
Richard Sennett, The Corrosion of Character (1998)
Pierre Bourdieu, The Social Structures of the Economy (2000)
Margarida Marques (2016) Migration and Globalisation
Thomas Piketty, A Brief History of Equality (2022)

Assessment throughout the semester:
- Quizzes (25%)
- Essays (25%)
- Text presentations (10%)
- Final test (40%)

To pass, students must obtain at least 40% in each element of the assessment. Attendance at at least 3/4 of classes is required.

Assessment by exam: individual written test (100%).

By the end of the course, the student should be able to:
LO1: Apply co-creation strategies in the development of innovative projects in organizations.
LO2: Define the needs, obstacles, objectives, opportunities, and current and desired tasks of organizations, construct the problem, and determine the expected outcomes of the project.
LO3: Conduct a systematic literature review, identify the necessary resources to address the problem, and employ research methods in the studied organization.
LO4: Apply knowledge of planning, management, and project development.
LO5: Participate in collaborative dynamics and deliver written and oral presentations.

PC1. Introduction to Learning in Development
PC2. Co-Creation and Design Thinking
PC3. Politics, Economics, and Society in Organizations
PC4. Value Creation in Organizations
PC5. Presentation of Case Studies and Project Topics (Product, Service, or Process)
PC6. Selection of Project Topic and Organizational Context
PC7. Project Development: Organizational Challenges and Problem Definition
PC8. Project Development: State of the Art and Research Methods to be Applied
PC9. Project Development: Expected Results and Solutions
PC10. Communication of Results

Assessment throughout the semester:
• Individual contribution to the interim report on organizational challenges and problem definition (15%)
• Individual contribution to the interim report on literature review (15%)
• Individual contribution to the interim report on the application of social research methods (15%)
• Individual contribution to the interim report on solutions (15%)
• Presentation and writing of the final group project (25%)
• Participation and discussion in seminar sessions (15%)

All assessment components require a minimum grade of 8 out of 20.

Assessment by examination (1st Sitting if chosen by the student, 2nd Sitting, and Special Sitting): In-person exam (100% of the final grade)

Attendance criteria: A minimum attendance of at least 2/3 of the classes is required.