Programme Structure for 2025/2026
| Curricular Courses | Credits | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Year | ||
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Public Policy Selected Researches
6.0 ECTS
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Public Policy Analysis and Design
6.0 ECTS
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Media Training
6.0 ECTS
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Public Opinion and Polls
6.0 ECTS
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Political Marketing
6.0 ECTS
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Manifestos, Speeches and Debates
6.0 ECTS
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|
Elections, Parties and Political Representation
6.0 ECTS
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Using Statistical Indicators
6.0 ECTS
|
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|
Press Office
6.0 ECTS
|
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|
Political Communication
6.0 ECTS
|
Public Policy Selected Researches
a) to gain understanding of the methodological procedures in large national and international surveys and longitudinal surveys;
b) to acquire competencies to link theoretical options, research objectives and methodological and technical strategies in data collection, data treatment and construction of indicators, as used in large national and international surveys including longitudinal studies;
c) develop research competencies on secondary sources of data bases regarding key studies or "success stories"
d) improve skills required for public presentation of results and impacts of large studies on public policies.
1. Introduction: extensive methodologies and their relevance to public policy
2. Health and health care
3. Social inequality
4. Evolution and characteristics of emigration and Portuguese communities
5. Family policy
6. Education policies and international evaluations
7. Social policies
8. Employment and unemployment
9. Energy and environment
Assessment throughout the semester:
1) class attendance and participation;
2) a policy brief, using a database, summarising the content and possible implications in terms of recommendations for public policy (maximum 4 pages).
Assessment by examination:
A policy brief, using a database, summarising the content and possible implications in terms of recommendations for public policy (maximum 4 pages).
Oyen, Else (1990), Comparative Methodology. Theory and practice in international social research, London, Sage Publications, Sage Studies in International Sociology.
Rodrigues, Maria de Lurdes e Pedro Adão e Silva (2015), Governar com a Troika, Coimbra: Almedina.
Rodrigues, Maria de Lurdes e Pedro Adão e Silva (2013), Políticas Públicas para a Reforma do Estado, Coimbra: Almedina.
Moran, Michael, Rein, Martin and Gododin, Robert (orgs), (2006), The Oxford Handbook of Public Policy, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
The Campbell Collaboration: http://www.campbellcollaboration.org
The Cochrane Collaboration: http://www.cochrane.org/evidence
Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health http://www.who.int/social_determinants/thecommission/finalreport/en/index.html .
http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/database/en/
World Health Organization:
Família: http://www.oecd.org/social/family/
Saúde: http://www.oecd.org/health/health-systems/
Energia: https://data.oecd.org/energy/renewable-energy.htm
Emprego: http://www.oecd.org/employment/
Pisa: http://www.oecd.org/pisa/
Educação: http://www.oecd.org/education/
OCDE: http://www.oecd.org/
http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/home.html
Observatório da Emigração:
http://observatorio-das-desigualdades.com/
http://observatorio-das-desigualdades.cies.iscte.pt/
Observatório das Desigualdades:
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database
Eurostat:
http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/
European Social Survey:
Sites:
Public Policy Analysis and Design
At the end of the curricular unit students should be familiarized with the key concepts, models and tools for public policy analysis and also should be able to apply these methods and analysis techniques to concrete cases of public policy. It is intended that at the end of the semester students are able to apply at least the model of the steps in the analysis and design of public policies.
Program1 - Why study public policy?
2 - Theories of power and political process
3 - Concepts of Public Policy Analysis: actors, resources, rules and institutions.
4 - Analysis of the political process:
Types of policies and phases of the process;
Problems and scheduling;
Alternatives and interest groups;
Formulation design and instruments;
Decision and implementation;
communication;
Evaluation, impact and change.
5 - International influence: diffusion, conveyance and convergence in public policy.
6 - Policy research
7 - Public Policy in Portugal.
Written exercise (maximum 20 pages) with the analysis of a sectorial public policy (50%); Presentation and discussion of a public poster, synthesis analysis exercise of a public policy (40%); Active participation in class (10%). Active participation in class includes attending classes, but also the ability to ask questions, argue, defend points of view and participate in discussions on the topics under discussion.
Theodoulou, Stella, e Matthew Cahn (1995). Public Policy: The Essential Readings, New Jersey, Prentice Hall.
Rodrigues, Maria de Lurdes (coord.) (2014). Exercícios de Análise de Políticas Públicas, Lisboa, INCM;
Parsons, Wayne (1996). Public Policy: An Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Policy Analysis, Edward Elgar Pub;
Kraft, Michael E., e Scott R. Furlong (2010), Public Policy. Politics, Analysis, and Alternatives, Washington DC, CQPress,
Knoepfel, Peter, Corrine Larrue, Frédéric Varone, e Michael Hill (2011). Public Policy Analysis. Bristol, Polity Press University of Bristol;
Kingdon, John W. (2003), Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies, New York, Longman.
Hill, Michael (2009), The Public Policy Process, London, Pearson/Longman.
Dye, Thomas R. (2010), Understanding Public Policy, Boston, Longman.
Birkland, Thomas (2020). An Introduction to the Policy Process, New York, Routledge;
Anderson, James (2003). Public Policymaking. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Company;
Smith, Catherine (2010), Writing Public Policy, New York, Oxford University Press
Sabatier, Paul (2007, 2019). Theories of the Policy Process, Colorado, Westview Press;
Rodrigues, Maria de Lurdes, e Helena Carreiras; (org.) (2017). Exercícios de Análise de Políticas Públicas 2, Lisboa, Editora
Rodrigues, M. L. e Silva, P. A. (org.) (2013), Políticas públicas para a Reforma do Estado, Coimbra, Almedina;
Rodrigues, Maria de Lurdes, e Pedro Adão e Silva (org.) (2012). Políticas Públicas em Portugal, Lisboa, INCM;
Quiñones, Edgar (2015). Políticas Públicas: Métodos Conceptuales y Métodos de Evaluatión, Huncayo, Universidad Continental;
Ordóñez-Matamoros, Gonzalo (2013). Manual de Análisis y Diseño de Políticas Públicas, Bogotá, Universidade Externaso
Moran, M, Martin Rein, e Robert Goodin (2008), The Oxford Handbook of Public Policy, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Knill, Christoph, e Jale Tosun (2012). Public Policy: A New Introduction, Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan
Howlett, Michael (2019). The Policy Design Primer. Choosing the Right Tools for the Job. New York, Routledge;
Cairney, Paul (2011, 2020). Understanding Public Policy, London, Red Globe Press;
Bardach, Eugene (2009), A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis, Washington DC, CQPress.
Araújo, Luísa, e Maria de Lurdes Rodrigues (2017). "Modelos de Análise de Políticas Públicas", Sociologia Problemas e Práticas, n.º 83;
Media Training
At the end of this course, the student must be able to:
OA1 | Identify the information flow in the media
OA2 | Develop communication skills: be natural, relaxed, pleasant, controlled, spontaneous and pragmatics
OA3 | Identify the key ideas for each communication, to make it convincing and memorable
OA4 | Identify the issues that can cause/avoid a communication crisis
OA5 | Master the skills to deliver the desired message
OA6| Identify the ethical and deontological values of media professionals
OA7 | Develop relationships with the different media to be able to manage the communication in the best way
OA8| Avoid or manage a communication crisis
OA9| Produce and distribute a press-release in a crisis situation
OA10| Be able to communicate in video, using the correct language and posture
OA11| Be able to speak to a microphone, using the correct language
OA12| Master the basic rules of communication in digital media
OA1 | The information flow in the media
OA2 | The communicator: basic communication skills
OA3 | The communication: basic elements
OA4 | Crisis communication: what to control
OA5 | How to deliver the message
OA6| Ethical and deontological rules in the media
OA7 | Relationship development with the media
OA8| Crisis communication: how to produce a press release
OA9| How to communicate to a camera
OA10| How to speak to the microphone
OA11| How to communicate to the web
The assessment is carried out in two stages: 1) during the semester and 2) final evaluation.
1) During the semester the following assessment tools will be used: attendance equal or greater than 80% and oral participation and practical simulation exercises (20%); individual written work (80% of the grade).
2) Individual written work, which consists in designing a communication strategy, applying the methodologies discussed. The final version of the project will represent 80% of the grade.
Greenwald, Glenn (2014),No place to hide, Hamish Hamilton
Castells, Manuel (2012), Networks of Outrage and Hope, Polity.
Tumber, Howard (1999), News a Reader, Oxford.
Habermas, Jurgen,The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, MIT.
Zelizer, Barbie (2004), Taking Journalism Seriously, Sage.
Benson, Rodney (2005), Bourdieu and the journalistic field, Polity
Luke Harding (2011), Inside Julian Assange war on secrecy, Guardian
Public Opinion and Polls
At the end of the course students should be able to:
LA1 | Discuss the main theoretical contributions in the field of public
LA2 | Identify the main factors of public opinion formation
LA3 | Understand the role of the media in the processes of public opinion formation and change
LA4 | Critically analyze the technical parameters of a survey
LA5 | Critically analyze the interpretation of polls published by the media or other means
LA6 | Identify key trends in public opinion on the relevant policy issues in Western societies in general and in particular in Portugal
LA7 | Have a critical perspective on the validity of public opinion to take policy decisions
LA8| Understanding the consequences of public opinion in a democracy, particularly in terms of representation and responsiveness
The program is structured in the following points:
CP1 | Concepts and theories of public opinion
CP2 | Cognitive bases of public opinion: impression formation, attitude development and change, causal attribution
CP3 | Socio-psychological factors of public opinion: social representations; social influence; group effects; social desirability; spiral of silence
CP4 | Media and public opinion: information, persuasion, cognitive effects
CP5 | Opinion polls: sampling, representativeness and interpretation of results
CP6 | Data and trends on the current public opinion
CP7 | Importance and consequences of public opinion in terms of political representation and responsiveness
1) Attendance equal or greater than 70% and participation in the discussions and practical exercises to be held in sessions (20%);
2) Presentation and discussion of a scientific paper on a relevant topic of the program (30%);
3) Individual written essay, about ten pages (Times New Roman 12, 1.5 space between lines) on any of the topics covered in the course unit, under the terms to be determined during classes (50%).
As an alternative, assessment by exam: written test (100%).
To be approved, students must have higher final grades than 9.5.
ASHER, Herbert (2016), Polling and the Public. What Every Citizen Should Know, 9ª ed., Washington: Congressional Quarterly.
BARTELS, Larry (2018), Unequal Democracy, 2ª ed., Princeton e Oxford: PUP.
BETHLEHEM, Jelke (2018), Understanding Public Opinion Polls, Boca Raton, CRC Press.
CLAWSON, Rosalee A., e Zoe M. OXLEY (2020), Public Opinion: Democratic Ideals, Democratic Practice, 4ªed., Edition. Washington: CQ Press.
DALTON, Russell J. (2019), Citizen Politics: Public Opinion and Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies, 7ª ed., Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
GLYNN, Carol; Herbst, Susan; Lindeman, Mark; O'Keefe, Garrett, e Shapiro, Robert (2018), Public Opinion, 3ª ed., Oxford: Westview Press.
MAGALHÃES, Pedro (2011), Sondagens, Eleições e Opinião Pública, Lisboa, Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos.
ZALLER, John (1992), The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion, Cambridge, CUP.
ACHEN, Christopher H. e Larry M. BARTELS (2017), Democracy for realists: Why elections do not produce responsive government, Princeton e Oxford, Princeton University Press.
ALTHAUS, Scott L. (2006), False starts, dead ends, and new opportunities in public opinion research, Critical Review, 18 (1-3), pp.75-104.
ALTHAUS, Scott L. (2003), Collective Preferences in Democratic Politics. Opinion Surveys and the Will of the People, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
BARBER, Benjamim (1984), Strong Democracy. Participation Politics for a New Age, Barkeley e Londres, University of California Press.
BARTELS, L. (2015), The social welfare deficit: Public opinion, policy responsiveness, and political inequality in affluent democracies, paper apresentado na 22ª International Conference of Europeanists; 8-10 Julho, Paris, França.
BARTELS, Larry M. (1993), "Messages Received: The Political Impact of Media Exposure", American Political Science Review, 87(2), pp.267-285.
BERINSKY, A. (2019), New Directions in Public Opinion, 3ª ed., Nova Iorque e Londres: Routledge.
BISHOP, George F. e Stephen T. MOCKABEE (2011), Taking the pulse of public opinion: Leading and Misleading indicators of the state and the nation, Nova Iorque: Springer.
BISHOP, George F. (2004), The illusion of public opinion: Fact and artifact in American public opinion polls, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Oxford.
DE VREESE, C., e BOOMGAARDEN, H. (2006), Media Effects on Public Opinion about the Enlargement of the European Union, Journal of Common Market Studies, 44(2), pp.419-436.
ENNS, P., e C. Wlezien (eds.) (2011), Who Gets Represented? Nova Iorque, Russell Sage Foundation.
ERIKSON, Robert S., e Kent L. TEDIN (2015), American Public Opinion, 9ª. ed., Nova Iorque: Routlegde.
ERIKSON, Robert S, MACKUEN, Michael B., e STIMSON, James A. (2002), The Macro Policy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
FOURNIER, Patrick et al. (2011), When Citizens Decide: Lessons from Citizens' Assemblies on Electoral Reform, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
GILENS, Martin (2005), Inequality and Democratic Responsiveness, Public Opinion Quarterly, 69(5), pp.778-796.
GIGER, N., J. ROSSET, e J. Bernauer (2012), ?The poor political representation of the poor in a comparative perspective?, Representation, 48(1): 47-61.
HOULE, Christian (2018), Does economic inequality breed political inequality? Democratization, 25(8): pp.1500-1518.
IYENGAR, Shanto (2016), Media Politics: A Citizen?s Guide, 3ª ed., Nova Iorque, W.W. Norton & Company.
JACOBS, Lawrence R., e Robert Y. SHAPIRO (2000), Politicians Don't Pander: Political Manipulation and the Loss of Democratic Responsiveness, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
KELLY, Nathan J., e Peter K. ENNS (2010), "Inequality and the Dynamics of Public Opinion: The Self-Reinforcing Link Between Economic Inequality and Mass Preferences", American Journal of Political Science, vol. 54, nº.4, pp.855-870.
HIBBING, John, e Elizabeth THEISS-MORSE (2002), Stealth Democracy: Americans Beliefs about How Government Should Work, Nova Iorque, Cambridge University Press.
HOPPMAN, D. (2012), The consequences of political disagreement in interpersonal communication: New insights from a comparative perspective, European Journal of Political Research, 51(2), pp.265-287.
LAVRAKAS, Paul J. e Michael W. TRAUGOTT (eds.) (2000), Election Polls, the News Media, and Democracy, New York, Chatham House.
LEEPER, Thomas, e Rune SLOTHUUS (2014), "Political parties, motivated reasoning, and public opinion formation", Advances in Political Psychology, 35, Suplem. 1, pp.129-156.
LEWIS, Justin (2001), Constructing Public Opinion, Nova Iorque, Columbia University Press.
LEWIS-BECK, Michael; William G. JACOBY, Helmut NORPOTH, e Herbert WEISBERG (2008), The American Voter Revisited, Ann Arbor, The University of Michigan Press.
McCOMBS, Maxwell (2014), Setting the Agenda: Mass Media and Public Opinion, 2ª ed., Cambridge: Polity Press.
MUTZ, Diana (1998), Impersonal Influence, Cambridge: CUP.
NOELLE-NEUMANN, Elisabeth (1977), "Turbulences in the Climate of Opinion: Methodological Applications of the Spiral of Silence", The Public Opinion Quarterly, 41(2), pp.143-158.
MOON, Nick (1999), Opinion Polls, Manchester, Manchester University Press.
NOELLE-NEUMANN, Elisabeth (1993), The Spiral of Silence, Chicago: Chicago University Press.
NORRANDER, Barbara e Clyde WILCOX (2010), Understanding Public Opinion, Washington, CQ Press.
NORRIS, Pippa (1999), Critical Citizens, Oxford, OUP.
PAGE, Benjamin I. (2007), "Is public opinion an illusion?", Critical Review, 19(1), pp.35-45.
PAGE, Benjamin e Robert SHAPIRO (1992), The Rational Public, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
PETERS, Y., e J. ENSINK (2015), Differential responsiveness in Europe: The effects of preference difference and electoral participation, West European Politics, 38(3): pp.577-600.
PRICE, Vicent (2011), "Public opinion research in the new century", Public Opinion Research, 78(5), pp.846-853.
ROSSET, J., N. GIGER, e J. BERNAUER (2013), ?More money, fewer problems? Cross-level effects of economic deprivation on political representation?, West European Politics, 36(4): pp.817?835.
SCHEUFELE, D. A. (2000), Agenda setting, priming and framing revisited: Another look at cognitive effects of political communication, Mass Communication and Society, 3 (2&3): pp.297-316.
SCHEUFELE, D., e P. MOY (2000), Twenty-five years of the spiral of silence: A conceptual review and empirical outlook, International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 12(1): pp.3-28.
SCHEUFELE, D. A., e D. TEWKSBURY (2007), Framing, agenda setting, and priming: The evolution of three media effects models, Journal of Communication, 57(1); pp.9-20.
SNIDERMAN, Paul, Richard BRODY, e Philip TETLOCK (1991), Reasoning and Choice. Explorations in Political Psychology, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
STIMSON, James A.; Michael B. MACKUEN, e Robert S. ERIKSON (1995), "Dynamic Representation", American Political Science Review, 83 (3), pp.543?65.
SOROKA, Stuart e Christopher WLEZIEN (2010), Degrees of Democracy: Politics, Public Opinion and Policy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
SOROKA, S., et al. (2013), Auntie knows best? Public broadcasters and current affairs knowledge, British Journal of Political Science, 43(4): pp.719-739.
THOMSON, Robert, Terry ROYED, Elin NAURIN, Joaquín ARTÉS, Rory COSTELLO, Laurenz ENNSER-JEDENASTIK, Mark FERGUNSON, Petia KOSTADINOVA, Catherine MOURY, François PÉTRY, e Katrin PRAPROTNIK (2017), The fulfillment of parties' election pledges: A comparative study on the impact of power sharing. American Journal of Political Science, 61(3), pp.527-542.
URA, J. D. e C. R. Ellis (2008), Income, preferences, and the dynamics of policy responsiveness, PS: Political Science & Politics, 41(4): pp.785?794.
VERBA, S., N.H. Nie, e J. Kim (1978) Participation and Political Equality: A Seven-Nation Comparison. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Political Marketing
LO1. Defining the concept of Political Marketing
LO2. Identifying the challenges of Political Marketing in the digital age
LO3. Differentiate the different phases of strategic planning in Political Marketing
LO4. Know how to monitor internal electoral studies within the context of a campaign
LO5. Know how to develop a strategic Political Marketing plan
LO6. Understand how crisis communication works
LO7. Know the basic techniques of storytelling and speechwriting
LO8. Identify and argue good and bad examples of offline and online communication
PC1. Political Marketing: Mapping of the Field
PC2. The Challenges of Political Marketing in the Digital Age
PC3. Political and Electoral Marketing: Planning, Development, and Implementation
PC4. Polls and Focus Groups in Electoral Campaigns
PC5. Developing a Strategic Political Marketing Plan
PC6. Campaigns and Crisis Management
PC7. Storytelling and Speech Writing
PC8. Political Marketing Products and Platforms
Group Presentations (SWOT Analysis) - 40%
Individual Work (A Strategic Plan for an Electoral Campaign) 60%.
Or exam
Cardoso G. (org) (2024). A Nova Comunicação. Coimbra: Almedina 2024
Lees-Marshment, Jennifer (2019), Routledge Handbook of Political Marketing, Routledge, New York,
Lee-Marshment, J., Conley, B., Elder, E., Pettitt, R., Raynauld, V. & Turcotte, A. (2019). Political Marketing: Principles and Applications. London and New York: Routledge
Saiz, F. J. B. (2003) Marketing Político. Ediciones Pirámide. ESIC
Santana Pereira, J. (2016). Política e Entretenimento. Lisboa: FFMS.
Azevedo, António, Pereira, Joaquim e Magalhães Duarte City Marketing - MyPlace in XXI , Gestão Estratégica e Marketing de Cidades, Vida Económica, 2ª edição, 2011
Dionísio, Rodrigues, Faria, Canhoto e Nunes, b-Mercator- Blended Marketing, Publicações Dom Quixote, Lisboa, 2009
Bernays, Edward & Martins, Luís Paixão (2024) Propaganda. Livros Zigurate
Cacciotto, M. (2015). Marketing político: Como vencer eleições e governar. Lisboa: Actual.
Comunicação & Cultura. (out. 2006) Lobbying e marketing político. Volume 2. Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas
Ferro-Santos, S., Cardoso, G., & Santos, S. (2024a). Para além da Bolha (de filtro): Interações dos Deputados no Twitter. Media & Jornalismo, 24(44), Article 44. https://doi.org/10.14195/2183-5462_44_3
Ferro-Santos, S., Cardoso, G., & Santos, S. (2024b). What do Portuguese MPs use Twitter for? : A study case of political communication in a country with a small Twitter Adoption rate. Cuadernos.Info, 58, Article 58. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.58.72109
Green, D. P.; & Gerber, A. S. (2004). Get out the vote! How to increase voter turnout (chapters 3-7: door-to-door; leaflets; direct mail; phone banks; electronic mail). Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institute Press.
Lampreia, J. M.; & Caetano, J. (2009). Marketing e comunicação política. Lisboa: Sílabo.
Lilleker, D. G.; & Lees-Marchment, J. (2005). Introduction: rethinking political party behavior. In D. G. Lilleker & J. Lees-Marchment (eds.), Political marketing: A comparative perspective (pp 1-14). Manchester: MU.
Lock, A., & Harris, P. (1996). Political marketing. European Journal of marketing, 30(10/11), 14-24.
Meirinho Martins, M. (2008). Comunicação e marketing político. Lisboa: ISCSP.
Norris, P. (2000). A virtuous circle: Political communications in postindustrial societies (cap. 7). Cambridge: CUP.
O’Day, B. J. (2006). Political campaign planning manual, A step by step guide to winning elections. National Democratic Institute for International Affairs . Disponível Online.
Sá, J. (2014). Marketing político: Para uma gestão integrada da política. Lisboa: ISCSP.
Santana Pereira, J. (2017). Comunicação Política em Campanhas Eleitorais: Contributos Teóricos para a Análise das Legislativas de 2016 em Cabo Verde. In Volume Comemorativo do Décimo Aniversário do ISCJS. Praia: ISCJS.
Schmitt-Beck, R., & Farrel, D. (2002). Studying political campaigns and their effects. In D. M. Farrel & R. Schmitt-Beck (eds.), Do political campaigns matter? Campaign effects in elections and referendums (pp. 1-21). Londres: Routledge.
Vavreck, L. (2009). The message matters. The economy and presidential campaigns. Princeton: PUP.
Elections, Parties and Political Representation
To provide the students with the ability for controling the theoretical and theoretical-empirical literature about elections, electoral systems and political parties, as well as for structuring and materializing a research project. Another target consists on increasing the capacity for communicating orally the results of their researches (seminar classes with presentations by the students).
ProgramI- 1. Electoral Systems: Types and Political Consequences.
2. Political Parties and Political Representation: Classical Models and New Trends.
3. The State of Representative Democracy in the World.
4. Electoral Behavior: Theoretical Models and New Cleavages.
a) Group presentation - 25%; b) Written essay (10 pages) based on literature review - 75%.
OR
Exam
André Freire, Eleições, Partidos e Representação Política, Lisboa, Gradiva, 2024.
Daloz, Jean-Pascalk (2017), La Représentation Politique, Paris, Armand Colin.
Freire, André (organizador) (2015), O Futuro da Representação Política Democrática, Lisboa, Nova Vega.
Freire, André, Mélany Barragan, Xavier Coler, Marco Lisi & Emmanouil Tsatsanis (editors) (2020), Political representation in Southern Europe and Latin America. (?.), London, Routledge.
Gunther, Richard, & Larry Diamond (2003), «Species of Political Parties. A New Typology», Party Politics, Vol. 9, Nº 2, pp. 167-199.
Martins, Manuel Meirinho (2008), Representação Política. Eleições e Sistemas Eleitorais - Uma Introdução, Lisboa, ISCSP-UTL.
Mair, Peter (2014), On Parties, Party Systems and Democracy ? (?), Londres, ECPR.
Rosema, Martin, Denters, Bas, & Aarts, Kees (2011), How Democracy Works. Political Representation and Policy Congruence in Modern Societies, Utrecht, Pallas Publications.
Partes I e II
Mandatory readings:
I Representação política: conceitos fundamentais, operacionalização e principais resultados
Texto 1:
Eulau, Heinz, & Karps, Paul D. (1977), «The Puzzle of Representation: Specifying components of Responsiveness»., Legislative Studies Quarterly, II, nº 3, pp. 233-254.
Texto 2:
Andweg, Rudy B., & Thomassen, Jacques J. A. (2005), «Modes of Political Representation: Towards a New Typology», Legislative Studies Quarterly, XXX, nº 4, pp. 507-.
(Ou, apenas para o caso de existirem alunos com dificuldades sérias em Português: Freire, André (2015), «O Futuro da democracia representativa», in Freire, André (organizador), O Futuro da Representação Política Democrática, Lisboa, Nova Vega, pp. 15-52 (até cenários para o futuro, exclusive).
Texto 3:
Mansbridge, Jane. (1999). Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent "Yes". The
Journal of Politics, 61 (3), 628-657. DOI: 10.2307/2647821.
Texto 4:
Espírito-Santo, Ana, Freire, André, & Serra-Silva, Sofia (2018), «Does women?s descriptive representation matter for policy preferences? The role of political parties», Party Politics, 1st online, DOI: 10.1177/1354068818764011
II ? Sistemas eleitorais, ideologia e representação política
Texto 5:
Huber, John D., & G. Bingham Powell, Jr. (1994), ?Congruence Between Citizens and Policymakers in Two Visions of Liberal Democracy?, World Politics, 46 (3), pp. 291-326.
Texto 6:
Freire, André & Augusta Correia (2020), «Ideological and policy representation in Portugal, before and after the Great Recession, 2008-2017», in Marco Lisi, André Freire & Emmanouil Tsatsanis (editors) (2020), Political Representation and Citizenship in Portugal: from Crisis to Renewal?, Lexington Books ? Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 107-128.
Texto 7:
Golder, Matt, & Stramski, Jacek (2010), ?Ideological congruence and electoral institutions: conceptualization and measurement?, American Journal of Political Science, 54, pp. 90-106. (há versão em português em Freire, A., & Viegas, J. M. L. (ed.) (2009), Representação Política: O Caso Português em Perspetiva Comparada, Lisboa: Sextante, pp. 181-224).
Texto 8:
Audrey, André, André Freire & Zsófia Papp (2014), ?Electoral rules and Legislators? Personal Vote-Seeking?, in Kris Deschouwer & Sam Depaw (editors), Representing the people. A survey among members of statewide and substate parliaments,
Oxford University Press, pp. 87-109.
Parte III
III ? Partidos políticos e representação política
Texto 9:
Katz, Richard S., & Peter Mair (1995), ?Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy?, Party Politics, 1: 1, pp. 5-28.
Texto 10:
Rose, Richard (2014), ?Responsible Party Government in a World of Interdependence?, West European Politics, 37:2, pp. 253-269.
Texto 11:
Mair, Peter (2003), ?Os partidos e a democracia?, Análise Social, XXXVIII:167, 277-293.
Texto 12:
Belchior, Ana (2013), ?Explaining Left?Right Party Congruence Across European Party Systems
A Test of Micro-, Meso-, and Macro-Level Models?, Comparative Political Studies, 46 (3), 352-386.
EXTRA - Complementary and optional readings (only indications to build the final essay):
I ? Representação política: conceitos fundamentais, operacionalização e principais resultados (19 títulos)
Achen, Christopher H. (1978), «Measuring representation», American Journal of Political Science, 22, nº3, pp. 475-510.
APSA - American Political Science Association (1950), «Toward a More Responsible Two-Party System», American Political Science Review, 22, pp. 475-510.
Catroga, Fernando, & P. Tavares de Almeida (orgs.) (2010), Respublica: Cidadania e Representação Política em Portugal, 1820-1926, Lisboa, Assembleia da República ? Coleção Parlamento.
Faria, Alessandra Maia Terra de (2010), On the Social and the Political: Theories of Political Representation
Beyond the universal suffrage, Londres, LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. (há edição em Português, no Brasil: Faria, Alessandra Maia Terra de (2020), Teorias da representação política, ed. ? Curitiba: Appris, 2020. 167 pp.)
Fernandes, Jorge M. & Cristina Leston-Bandeira (eds.), Iberian Legislatures in Comparative Perspective, Oxon, Routledge
Freire, A., & Viegas, J. M. L. (ed.) (2009), Representação Política: O Caso Português em Perspetiva Comparada, Lisboa: Sextante.
Freire, André, Marco Lisi & José Manuel Leite Viegas (organizadores) (2015a), Crise Económica, Políticas de Austeridade e Representação Política, Lisboa, Assembleia da República, Coleção Parlamento.
Freire, André, Marco Lisi & José Manuel Leite Viegas (organizadores) (2015b), Representação e Participação Política na Europa em Crise, Lisboa, Assembleia da República, Coleção Parlamento.
Freire, André, Marco Lisi, Ioannis Andreadis & José Manuel Leite Viegas (2014), Special Issue ?Political Representation in times of Bailout: Evidence from Portugal and Greece?, South European Society and Politics, Vol. 19, nº 4, pp. 413-559 (6 artigos mais uma introdução dos organizadores). http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/fses20/19/4#.VLO08fl_slI
McDonald, M. & Budge, I. (2005) Election, Parties, Democracy, Oxford e Nova Iorque: Oxford University Press.
Esaiasson, Peter, e Holmberg, Sören (1996), Representation from Above. Members of Parliament and Representative Democracy in Sweden, Aldershot, Dartmouth.
Laver, Michael (ed.) (2001), Estimating the Policy Position of Political Actors, London, Routledge.
Manin, Bernard (1995), Principes du Gouvernement Représentatif, Mesnil-sur-l?Estrée, Éditions Calmann-Lévy.
Miller, Warren, e Stokes, Donald (1963), «Constituency influence in Congress», in American Science Review, 57, nº1, pp. 45-56.
Pitkin, Hanna F. (1967), The Concept of Representation, Berkley, Los Angeles e Londres, University of California Press.
Powell, G. B. jr. (2004), ?Political representation in comparative politics?, Annual Review of Political Science 7: 273?96.
Roper, Brian S. (2013), The History of Democracy ? A Marxist Interpretation, Londres, Pluto Press.
Rosanvallon, Pierre (2006), La Contre-Démocratie. La Politique à L?Age de la Défiance, Paris, Éditions du Seuil.
Urbinati, Nadia (2006), Representative Democracy. Principles and Genealogy, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
II ? Sistemas eleitorais, ideologia e representação política (15 títulos)
Carey, John M. & Matthew S. Shugart (1995) ?Incentives to Cultivate a Personal Vote:
a Rank Ordering of Electoral Formulas?, Electoral Studies, 14: 4, 417-39.
Costa, Olivier, André Freire & Jean-Benoit Pilet (2012), Symposium ?Political representation in Belgium, France, and Portugal: MPs and their constituents in very different political systems?, organizado para a Revista Representation ? Journal of Representative Democracy, Volume 48 (4), pp. 351-418. (4 artigos mais introdução dos organizadores) http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rrep20/48/4#.UeKDII1JPpU
Downs, Anthony (1957), An economic theory of democracy, New York, Harper & Row.
Freire, André (editor) (2011), Eleições e Sistemas Eleitorais no século XX Português: Um Balanço
Histórico e Comparativo, Lisboa, Colibri.
Freire, André & Ana Belchior (2013), ??Ideological Representation in Portugal: MPs-Electors Linkages in Terms of Left-Right Placement and Substantive Meaning?, Journal of Legislative Studies, 19, No.1 (March 2013). Online version available in December 2012: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13572334.2013.736784
Freire, André & Manuel Meirinho (2010), número especial «Sistema
eleitoral e qualidade da democracia», Eleições, 12, DGAI-MAI (ex-STAPE), pp. 1-144.
Karvonen, Lauri (2004), ?Preferential Voting: Incidence and Effects?, International Political Science Review, Vol. 25, 2, pp. 203-226.
Lijphart, A. (2012), Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries, Yale, Yale U. Press, 2012.
Lisi, Marco, André Freire & Emmanouil Tsatsanis (editors) (2020), Political Representation and Citizenship in Portugal: from Crisis to Renewal?, Lexington Books ? Rowman & Littlefield.
Miller, Warren et al. (eds.) (1999), Policy Representation in Western Democracies, Oxford e Nova Iorque, Oxford University Press.
Pereira, Paulo Trigo, & Silva, João Andrade (2009), ?Citizens? freedom to choose
representatives: ballot structure, proportionality and fragmented parliaments?, Electoral Studies, 28, pp. 101-110.
Powell, G. Bingham Jr. (2000), Elections as Instruments of Democracy, New Haven e Londres: Yale University Press
Wessels, Bernhard (2007), ?Political representation and democracy? in Dalton, Russell J., and Klingemann, Hans-Dieter (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 833-850.
III ? Partidos políticos e representação política (21 títulos)
Alonso, Sonia, Keane, John, & Merkel, Wolfgang (organizadores) (2011), The Future of Representative Democracy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Avritzer, Leonardo (2016), Impasses da Democracia no Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, Civilização Brasileiras.
Bermeo, Nancy, & Bartels, Larry M. (organizadores) (2014) Mass Politics in Tough Times: Opinions, Votes, and Protest in the Great Recession, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Dalton, Russel J., & Martin P. Wattenberg (orgs.) (2000), Parties Without Partisans. Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Della Porta, D., & Diani, M. (2006), Social Movements. An Introduction, Londres, Blackwell.
Duverger, Maurice (1951), Les Partis Politiques, Paris: Libraire Armand Colin.
Crouch, Colin (2004), Post-Democracy, London, Polity Press.
Hermet, Guy, Julien T. Hottinger & Daniel-L. Seiler(orgs.),(1998), Les Partis Politiques en Europe de l'Ouest, Paris,Economica.
Jalali, Carlos (2007), Partidos e Democracia em Portugal 1974-2005, Lisboa, Imprensa de Ciências Sociais.
Katz, Richard S., e William Crotty (orgs.) (2006), Handbook of Party Politics, Londres, Sage.
Lisi, Marco (2011), Os Partidos Políticos Em Portugal: Continuidade e Transformação, Coimbra, Almedina.
Lopes, F. Farelo (2004), Os Partidos Políticos. Modelos e Realidades na Europa Ocidental e em Portugal, Oeiras, Celta.
Lopes, F. Farelo, & Freire, A. (2002); Partidos Políticos e Sistemas Eleitorais. Uma Introdução, Oeiras, Celta.
Mair, Peter (1997), «Party Systems and Structures of Competition», Party System Change,. Approaches and Interpretations, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 199-224.
Mair, Peter (2013), Ruling the Void. The Hollowing of Western Democracy, Londres, Verso Editions.
Mair, Peter, & Cas Mudde, «The Party Family and Its Study«, Annual Review of Political Science, 1998,1,pp.211-229.
Sartori, G. (1976, 1990), ?A typology of party systems?, in P. Mair (1990), The West European Party System, Oxford, OUP, pp. 316-350.
Schmitter, Philipe, & Trechsel, Alexander H. (editors) (2004), The Future of Democracy in Europe ? Trends, Analyses and Reforms, Strasbourg, Council of Europe Publishing.
Stock, M. José (org.) (2005), Velhos e Novos Actores Políticos. Partidos e Movimentos Sociais, Lisboa, Universidade Aberta.
Teixeira, M. C. Pequito (2009), O Povo Semi Soberano. Partidos Políticos e Recrutamento Parlamentar em Portugal (1990-2003), Coimbra, Almedina.
Ware, Alan (1997), Political Parties and Party Systems, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Using Statistical Indicators
Students who successfully complete this course will be able to:
LO1. Know the main sources and areas of national (INE, PORDATA) and international (Eurostat, OECD) statistical production, as well as the respective data collection platforms and meta-information systems, contributing to the correct interpretation of data and its interpretative limits.
LO2. Correctly read, analyse and interpret tables, graphs and maps, incorporating the necessary meta-information. Produce calculations, tables, graphs and maps appropriate to the type of statistical information used and the type of scientific products to be produced: reports and scientific products;
LO3. Reconcile statistical information with other sources, whether quantitative (from micro-data) or qualitative, when writing reports or other scientific products.
CP1. Overview of the national and international statistical system (National Statistics Institute and delegated bodies; United Nations organisations, Eurostat, OECD);
CP2. Meta-information system; Methods and scope of information collection: Censuses, administrative information, sample surveys, studies.
CP3. Collecting available official statistical information and processing it using Excel and other software. Making calculations, tables, graphs and maps;
CP4. Population census, estimates and demographic statistics;
CP5. Education: School censuses and population qualifications;
CP6. Labour, employment, unemployment and professional groups;
CP7. GDP, income, social protection and income inequalities;
CP8. Information society, big data and artificial intelligence;
CP9. From statistical indicators to social science research. Micro-data from official statistical sources and international databases.
This course is assessed exclusively by exam (100%).
This exam can be taken in two ways:
a) submission of individual written work
b) individual written test
In option a), individual essay of about 10 pages analysing statistical indicators (100% of the final mark). The topic and supporting statistical information must be agreed in advance with the teacher, during the classes, at a time specified for this purpose. The work should have the following structure: an introduction to the topic, incorporating its relevance and a slight theoretical framework, including some bibliographical references, the presentation of the statistical source(s) and main characteristics; the integration of the data in graphical form (unless the volume of data makes this impossible) and its analysis; a conclusion integrated and discussed with the theoretical support and critique of the statitical sources.
If the student chooses option b), they must inform the teacher in advance.
Students who fail in the first season may submit their work in the second season under the same conditions (100 % of the final mark). Students may also benefit from the Special Season, provided they are covered by the applicable regulation.
Sousa, Fernando (1995), História da Estatística em Portugal, Lisboa, INE.
Silva, Ana Alexandrino (2006), Gráficos e Mapas - representação de informação estatística, Lisboa, Lidel.
Ramos, Pedro M.G. N. (2013), Torturem os Números que Eles Confessam, Coimbra: Almedina.
Freire, João (1999), Problemas técnico-metodológicos em inquéritos sociológicos: a propósito de questões de valores e orientações dos sujeitos em matéria sócio-económica, Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais, 55, pp. 37-51.
Ferreira, Maria João e Isabel Tavares, Notas sobre a História da Estatística, Dossiers Didácticos, VI, Lisboa, INE.
Carrilho, Maria José, População Activa: conceito e extensão através dos censos, Lisboa, INE.
Bacelar, Sérgio, Para uma Sociologia da Produção Estatística: virtualidades duma leitura sintomática da informação estatística, Lisboa, INE.
http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/
http://www.apis.ics.ul.pt/
http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/
http://www.ilo.org
http://www.unesco.org
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/eurostat/home/
http://www.oecd.org
http://www.ine.pt
Bases de Dados de Informação Estatística:
Páginas Web e bases de dados
Political Communication
In this course, students should have an in-depth understanding of the changing nature of political communication in the digital-era and the theoretical, practical and ethical questions surrounding the role of media in social and political life.
ProgramThe contents of this course combine plans for theoretical information,conceptual clarification and systematization and questioning of the contemporary trends in the areas to which it is related,around the following plans.
1Conceptual delineation and exploration of the issues that arise from the link between,on one hand,modes of communication and information,and on the other,the understandings of politics and democracy.
2Developing specific themes on the poles of communication and politics and their relationship, giving examples: the times and the trends identified in contemporary political communication; communication, power and politics; media and public awareness;media, democracy and citizenship;politics,emotion and reason;political communication,image and substance;information,spectacle and entertainment;journalism and spin doctoring;network communication and political decision;Internet, mobile communications and citizenship; algorithmic politics and artificial intelligence
Students can choose to be assessed throughout the semester or by final exam.
The assessment of the knowledge acquired is based on an appreciation of participation and intervention in the different sessions (10%), an individual test in class (50%), a group presentation on one of the topics covered in class and the consequent preparation of a written assignment to be handed in at the end of the semester (40%).
The presentation and the assignment should be based on a literature review focused on the chosen topic, an empirical object of analysis to be assessed also through comparison with other similar cases of political communication.
The work can also focus on the design of a political communication campaign with practical applications to electoral, governance or protest contexts, accompanied by a theoretical justification in the form of a descriptive memoir of the options taken.
In the assessment by final exam, the mark obtained in the exam will correspond to 100% of the UC mark.
CARDOSO, GUSTAVO (2024). Networked Communication. People are the Message, Lisboa, Mundos Sociais.
CARDOSO, G., SANTOS, S. & TELO, D. (2016). Jornalismo em tempos de crise. Lisboa. Mundos Sociais.
CASTELLS,M. (2009) Communication Power, Oxford U Press
MARCUS,G. (2002) Emotion in democratic politics, Pennsylvania U Press
LILLEKER,G. (2006) Key Concepts in Political Communication, Sage
Arpan, L. M. et al. (2011), “Perceptions of Bias in Political Content in Late Night Comedy
Programs”, Electronic News, 5(3), pp. 158-173, doi: 10.1177/1931243111421765.
Alcott, H. e GENTZKOW, M. (2017), “Social media and fake news in the 2016 election”,
Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), pp. 211-236, doi: 10.1257/jep.31.2.211.
Beckett, C. (2010), The value of networked journalism, Londres, POLIS, London School of
Economics and Political Science , disponível em: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/31050
Berry, J. M. e Sobieraj, S. (2014), The Outrage Industry: Political Opinion Media and the New Incivility, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Balmas, M. (2014), “When Fake News Becomes Real: Combined Exposure to Multiple News Sources and Political Attitudes of Inefficacy, Alienation, and Cynicism”, Communication Research, 41(3), pp. 430-454, doi: 10.1177/0093650212453600.
Bourdieu, P. (2005), “The Political Field, The Social Science Field, and Journalistic Field”, em Benson, R.and Neveu, E. (eds.), Bourdieu and the Journalistic Field, Cambridge, Reino Unido,Polity.
Blumler & Kavanagh(1999) The Third Age of Political Communication Political Communication, 16:209?230
Bennett & Entman (Eds)(2001) Mediated Politics, Cambridge U Press
Correia, João Carlos (2004), Comunicação e cidadania - Os media e a fragmentação do espaço público nas sociedades pluralistas, Lisboa, Livros Horizonte.
Calhoun, Craig (1992), Habermas and the public sphere, Cambridge, The MIT Press.
Coleman & Blamer (2009) The Internet and Democratic Citizenship, Cambridge U Press
Dahlgren,P. (2009) Media and political engagement, Cambridge U Press
de Vreese, C. H. et al. (2018), “Populism as an expression of political communication
content and style: a new perspective”, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 23(4),
pp. 423-438, doi: 10.1177/1940161218790035.
Dobber, T. et al. (2021), “Do (microtargeted), deepfakes have real effects on political attitudes?”, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 26(1), pp. 69-91, doi: 10.1177/1940161220944364.
Esteves, João Pissarra (2005), O Espaço Público e os Media. Sobre a Comunicação entre Normatividade e Facticidade, Lisboa, Edições Colibri, FCSH-UNL.
Edy, J. A. Snidow, S. M. and Rozzell, B. L. (2016), “Authenticating the political”,
Journalism Studies, 17(2), 247-262, doi: 10.1080/1461670X.2014.974992.
Esser, F. (2008), “Dimensions of Political News Cultures: Sound Bite and Image Bite News
in France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States”, The International Journal of
Press/Politics, 13(4), pp. 401-428, doi: 10.1177/1940161208323691.
Forelle, M. (2015), “Political Bots and the Manipulation of Public Opinion in Venezuela”,
SSRN, disponível em: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2635800
Gingras, Anne-Marie e Jean Pierre Carrier (1996), "Public Opinion: Construction and Persuasion", Canadian Journal of Communication, 21 (4).
Garcia, José Luís (2002), "O fogo e a cultura pan-mediática contemporânea", Media & Jornalismo, 1, pp.129-139
Golding, P. (1990), “Political Communication and Citizenship: The Media and Democracy
in an Inegalitarian Social Order”, em Ferguson, M. (ed.), Public Communication. The
New Imperatives, Thousand Oaks, Sage.
Halpern, D. e Gibbs, J. (2013), “Social media as a catalyst for online deliberation?
Exploring the affordances of Facebook and YouTube for political expression”,
Computers in Human Behavior, 29, pp. 1159-1168, doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.10.008.
Hameleers, M. e van der Meer, T. G. L. A. (2020), “Misinformation and Polarization in a High-Choice Media Environment: How Effective Are Political Fact-Checkers?”, Communication Research, 47(2), pp. 227-250, doi: 10.1177/0093650218819671.
Hargittai, E. (2007), “The Social, Political, Economic, and Cultural Dimensions of Search Engines: An Introduction”, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12, pp. 769-777, doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00349.x.
Held, D. (1989), Political Theory and the Modern State, Cambridge, Polity Press.
Hrdinovà, Jana et al (2010) ?Designing social media policy for government? Center for Technology in Government, State University of New York
Habermas, Jürgen (2006), "Political Communication in Media Society - Does Democracy still enjoy an epistemic dimension? The impact of normative theory on empirical research", Communication Theory, 16(4), pp. 411-426.
Habermas, Jürgen (1989 [1962]), The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, Cambridge, Polity Press.
Jensen, J. L. (2013), “Political participation online: the replacement and the mobilisation
hypotheses revisited”, Scandinavian Political Studies, 36, pp. 347-364,
doi: 10.1111/1467-9477.12008.
Jensen, J. L. (2005), “Political participation online: the internet as a social and political
field”, em S., Oates, D. Owen and R. Gibson (eds.), Civil Society, Democracy and the
Internet: A Comparative Perspective, Oxford, Routledge.
Kahne, J., Lee, N., and Feezell, J. (2012), “Digital media literacy education and online civic and political participation”, International Journal Of Communication, 6, 24, disponível em: https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/999/675
Kushnir, O. (2022), “The great dichotomy: How experiences of history and transcendence explain Ukraine’s political life”, New Perspectives, 30(1), pp. 119-139,
doi: 10.1177/2336825X211066449.
Lichter, S. R. (2017), “Theories of media bias”, em Kenski, K. e Jamieson, K. H. (eds.), The Oxford handbook of political communication, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Luebke, S. M. (2021), “Political Authenticity: Conceptualization of a Popular Term”, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 26(3), pp. 635-653, doi: 10.1177/1940161220948013.
Luebke, S. M. e Engelmann, I. (2022), “Do we know politicians” true selves from the media? exploring the relationship between political media exposure and perceived political authenticity”, Social Media + Society, doi: 10.1177/20563051221077030.
Marsh, D., Hart, P. e Tindall, K. (2010), “Celebrity Politics: The Politics of the Late Modernity?”, Political Studies Review, 8(3), pp. 322-340, doi: 10.1111/j.1478-9302.2010.00215.x.
Maurer, P. & Beiler, M. (2018), “Networking and political alignment as strategies to control the news”, Journalism Studies, 19(14), pp. 2024-2041, doi:10.1080/1461670X.2017.1310627.
Moffitt, B. (2016), The Global Rise Of Populism: Performance, Political Style, And Representation, Redwood, Stanford University Press.
Moffitt, B. e Tormey, S. (2014), “Rethinking populism: politics, mediatisation and political style”, Political Studies, 62(2), pp. 381-397, doi: 10.1111/1467-9248.12032.
Nieborg, D. B. e Helmond, A. (2019), “The political economy of Facebook’s platformization in the mobile ecosystem: Facebook Messenger as a platform instance”, Media, Culture & Society, 41(2), pp. 196-218, doi: 10.1177/0163443718818384.
Norris, P. (2000), A Virtuous Circle? Political Communications in Post-Industrial Democracies, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Nyhan, B., et al. (2020), “Taking fact-checks literally but not seriously? The effects of journalistic fact-checking on factual beliefs and candidate favorability”, Political Behavior, 42(3), pp. 939-960, doi: 10.1007/s11109-019-09528-x.
Negrine & Stanyer (Eds.) (2007)The Political Communication Reader, Rout
McQuail, Denis (2000), Mass Communication theory, 4th edition, London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi, Sage Publications.
McQuail, Denis (1998), "Commercialization and beyond", em Denis McQuail and Karen Siune (eds), Media Policy. Convergence, concentration and commerce. Euromedia research group. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi, Sage Publications.
Peña, A. M. (2021), “Activist parties and hybrid party behaviours: a typological reassessment of partisan mobilisation”, Political Studies Review, 19(4), pp. 637-655, doi: 10.1177/1478929920952000.
Peterson, E. e Iyengar, S. (2021), “Partisan gaps in political information and information-seeking behavior: motivated reasoning or cheerleading?”, American Journal of Political Science, 65, pp. 133-147. doi: 10.1111/ajps.1253.
Prior, M. (2005), “News vs. entertainment: how increasing media choice widens gaps in political knowledge and turnout”, American Journal of Political Science, 49, pp. 577-592, doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00143.x.
Rai, S. M. (2015), “Political performance: a framework for analysing democratic politics”, Political Studies, 63(5), pp. 1179-1197, doi: 10.1111/1467-9248.12154.
Rhodes, S. C. (2022), “Filter Bubbles, echo chambers, and fake news: how social media conditions individuals to be less critical of political misinformation”, Political Communication, 39(1), 1-22, doi: 10.1080/10584609.2021.1910887.
Rossini, P. et al. (2021), “Dysfunctional information sharing on WhatsApp and Facebook: The role of political talk, cross-cutting exposure and social corrections”, New Media & Society, 23(8), pp. 2430-2451, doi: 10.1177/1461444820928059.
Salgado, S. (2019), “Where’s populism? Online media and the diffusion of populist discourses and styles in Portugal”, European Political Science 18, pp. 53-65, doi: 10.1057/s41304-017-0137-4.
Schertges, C. (2007), “Political news and political consciousness”, Policy Futures in Education, 5(3), pp. 345-356, doi: 10.2304/pfie.2007.5.3.345.
Selva, D. (2016), “Social television: audience and political engagement”, Television & New Media, 17(2), pp. 159-173, doi: 10.1177/1527476415616192.
Sobieraj, S. e Berry, J. M. (2011), “From incivility to outrage: political discourse in blogs, talk radio, and cable news”, Political Communication, 28(1), 19-41, doi: 10.1080/10584609.2010.542360.
Street, J. (2004), “Celebrity politicians: popular culture and political representation”, British Journal of Politics and International Relations 6 (4): 435-452,
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-856X.2004.0014.
Street, J. (2005), “Politics lost, politics transformed, politics colonised? Theories of the impact of mass media”, Political Studies Review, 3(1), pp. 17-33,
doi: 10.1111/j.1478-9299.2005.00017.x.
Street, J. (2019), “What is Donald Trump? Forms of ‘Celebrity’ in Celebrity Politics”, Political Studies Review, 17(1), pp. 3-13, doi: 10.1177/1478929918772995.
Strömbäck, J. (2008), “Four phases of mediatization: an analysis of the mediatization of politics”, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 13(3), pp. 228-246,
doi: 10.1177/1940161208319097.
Stromer-Galley, J. et al. (2021), “Political messaging over time: a comparison of us presidential candidate Facebook posts and tweets in 2016 and 2020”, Social Media + Society, doi: 10.1177/20563051211063465.
Taplin, J. (2006a), “The politics of the future; the american crisis, Moore’s Law & The Third Way”, Speech delivered at The Annenberg School for Communication, University of Southern California, May 7, disponível em: http://www.rcf.usc.edu/~jtaplin/ThePoliticsofTheFuture.pdf
Thompson, J. B. (2000), Political Scandal: Power and Visibility in the Media Age, Cambridge, Polity Press.
Thorson, E. (2016), “Belief echoes: the persistent effects of corrected misinformation”, Political Communication, 33(3), pp. 460-480, doi: 10.1080/10584609.2015.1102187.
Thorson, K. (2012), “What does it mean to be a good citizen? Citizenship vocabularies as resources for action”, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 644(1), pp. 70-85, doi: 10.1177/0002716212453264.
Tucker, J. A., et al. (2018), “social media, political polarization, and political disinformation: a review of the scientific literature”, disponível em SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3144139
Vaccari, C., and Chadwick, A. (2020), “Deepfakes and disinformation: exploring the impact of synthetic political video on deception, uncertainty, and trust in news”, Social Media + Society. doi:10.1177/2056305120903408.
Valentino, N. A., Beckmann, M. N. e Buhr, T. A. (2001), “A Spiral of Cynicism for Some: The Contingent Effects of Campaign News Frames on Participation and Confidence in Government”, Political Communication, 18(4), 347-367, doi: 10.1080/10584600152647083.
Weeks, B. E., and Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2021), “What’s next? six observations for the future of political misinformation research”, American Behavioral Scientist, 65(2), pp. 277-289, doi: 10.1177/0002764219878236.
Wheeler. Mark (2013), Celebrity Politics: Image and Identity in Contemporary Political Communications, Cambridge, Polity.
Woodard, J. D. (1993), “The Race for the Presidency: Coverage of Elections on Evening Television News Shows — 1972-1992”, Journal of Political Science, 21(1) , Article 4,
disponível em: https://digitalcommons.coastal.edu/jops/vol21/iss1/4